Government of India

The Government of the India, officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government, established by the Constitution of India, is a union federal republic of 28 states and 7 union territories. The basic laws of the India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the India Code.

The federal, union government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The legal system is based on English common and statutory law, while most state and territorial law is based on English common law. India accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction, with many reservations. The branches of State Governments usually mirror the pattern followed at the national level.

According to the Constitution of India, India shall be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic. India is a republic, with a quasi-federal form of Government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has a three-branch system of governance consisting of the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

The President, who is the head of state, has a largely ceremonial role. His roles include interpreting the constitution, signing laws into action and issuing pardons. He is also the Commander-in-Chief of India’s armed forces. The President and the Vice President are elected indirectly by an electoral college for five-year terms.

The Prime Minister is the head of government, and most executive powers are vested in this office. He (or she) is elected by legislators of the political party or coalition commanding a parliamentary majority, and serves a five-year term, incumbent upon enjoying this majority. The constitution does not explicitly provide for a post of Deputy Prime Minister, but this option has been exercised from time to time.

The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house known as the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the lower house known as the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The 245 member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through an electoral college, and has a staggered six year term. The 545 member Lok Sabha is directly elected by a popular vote for a five year term, and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. All Indian citizens above the age of eighteen are eligible to vote.

The executive arm consists of the President, Vice-President and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet), headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In India’s parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

India’s independent judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts of India. There are eighteen appellate High Courts, having jurisdiction over a large state, or a group of smaller states. Each of these states has a tiered system of lower courts. A conflict between the legislature and the judiciary is referred to the President.